| Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz | |
|---|---|
Johannes Blaskowitz |
|
| Born | 10 July 1883 Paterswalde, Kreis Wehlau (East Prussia) |
| Died | 5 February 1948 (aged 64) Nuremberg, Germany |
| Allegiance | German Empire (to 1918) Weimar Republic (to 1933) Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Wehrmacht |
| Years of service | 1901–1945 |
| Rank | Generaloberst |
| Commands held | 8. Armee 9. Armee 1. Armee Heeresgruppe G Heeresgruppe H |
| Battles/wars | World War I World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (10 July 1883 – 5 February 1948) was a German general during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
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Johannes Blaskowitz was born on July 10, 1883, in Paterswalde, Kreis Wehlau (East Prussia), now in Kaliningrad Oblast. His father was a Lutheran pastor. In 1894, Blaskowitz joined cadet school at Köslin (Koszalin) and also afterwards at Berlin Lichterfelde. In 1901, he started his military career as a Fähnrich in an East Prussian regiment in Osterode (Ostróda).
During World War I, Blaskowitz served on the Eastern and Western Front and was employed in the Generalstab. He rose to command an infantry company by 1918, and was awarded the Iron Cross for bravery.
Blaskowitz's war service secured him a place in the postwar Reichswehr during the Weimar Republic, through whose ranks he rose until 1938, when Adolf Hitler sacked virtually all the other senior generals. His attitude towards the Nazis' seizure of power (Machtergreifung) was reportedly indifferent because he believed that the armed forces should be "politically neutral".
In early 1939 he commanded the German forces that occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia, and was promoted to General of Infantry and given command of the 8th Army just prior to the outbreak of World War II
During the Invasion of Poland that began World War II, the 8th Army under Blaskowitz's command participated in the Battle of the Bzura. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), was promoted to Colonel-General, and was installed as Commander-in-Chief East (Oberbefehlshaber Ost) in Poland on 20 October 1939.
As a traditional soldier, Blaskowitz kept a firm control on the men under his command in their dealings with civilians, Blaskowitz was opposed to the Army committing war crimes with the SS, not the idea however of atrocities against Poland [1]. Between November 1939 and February 1940 he wrote several memoranda to higher command, in which he detailed SS atrocities in Poland, their effects on Wehrmacht soldiers, and the insolent attitude of the SS to the army. However, his protests produced no condemnations of such behavior, and merely earned him the enmity of Hans Frank, Reinhard Heydrich, Heinrich Himmler, and Adolf Hitler, while Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl dismissed them as naive and "uncalled for".[2]. Historian Omer Bartov wrote that Blaskowitiz was actually "legitimizing murder" by expressing approval of SS massacres while demanding that the Army be kept out of the massacres as damaging to discipline[3]. Blaskowitz wrote about mass murder of Jews and Poles: It is incorrect to slaughter a few ten thousand Jews and Poles as it is happening at the moment, for this will neither destroy the idea of Polish state in the eyes of the mass of the population, nor do away with the Jews. On the contrary, the manner in the which the slaughter is carried out causes great harm, complicates the problems and makes them much more dangerous than they would have been if premeditated and purposeful action were taken
According to Bartov such statements are ambiguous as they could also be read as recommendation to kill more people in more orderly and disciplined manner, rather than to refrain from murder altogether[4] To Blaskowitz the result of the German policy would be the legalization of criminality, to him the "only way to protect oneself from this epidemic is by bringing the guilty and their followers at the greatest speed under military command and jurisdiction."[5]
Commander-in-Chief Walther von Brauchitsch forwarded Blaskowitz's first memorandum to Hitler on 18 November, who launched a tirade against Blaskowitz, denouncing his concerns about due process as "childish" and poured scorn on his "Salvation Army attitude".[6] As a result, Blaskowitz found himself placed on a blacklist, and he was relieved of his command on 29 May 1940.
Following the Fall of France in May 1940, Blaskowitz was initially slated to command the 9th Army for occupation duties, but the appointment was blocked by Hitler and instead he was appointed to relatively minor position as Military Governor of Northern France, a position he held until October 1940, when he was transferred to the command of the 1st Army, on the southwest coast between Brittany and the Spanish border.
In May 1944, following the appointment of Gerd von Rundstedt as Commander-in-Chief in the West, Blaskowitz was appointed head of Army Group G. This comparatively small command, consisting of the 1st Army and the 19th Army, was given the task of defending southern France from the imminent Allied invasion.
The invasion of southern France commenced on 15 August 1944, with Operation Dragoon, when Allied forces landed on the Riviera between Toulon and Cannes. Blaskowitz, badly outnumbered and lacking air superiority, brought up units, stabilized his front, and led a fighting withdrawal to the north to avoid encirclement. US army units pursued Blaskowitz up through the Vosges mountains before pausing to regroup. There, Blaskowitz's forces were reinforced by the 5th Panzer Army under Hasso von Manteuffel. Blaskowitz wanted to entrench his forces, but Hitler ordered him to immediately counterattack the US Third Army. Both Manteuffel and Blaskowitz realized the futility of such an action, but obeyed their orders, and their attack caught the US forces in disarray and pushed them back to near Lunéville on 18–20 September 1944, at which point resistance stiffened and the attack was suspended. Furious over this failure, Hitler summarily relieved Blaskowitz, replacing him with Hermann Balck.
Blaskowitz remained unoccupied for some time, until in December 1944 he was suddenly recalled and ordered to attack in the vicinity of Alsace-Lorraine in support of the ongoing Ardennes offensive. On 1 January 1945 Army Group G hit the US 7th Army during Operation Nordwind, forcing them to withdraw. The result was the enlargement of the Colmar Pocket. However, Blaskowitz was transferred again before an Allied counterattack would eliminate the pocket and sent to Holland, where he succeeded Kurt Student as commander of Army Group H. For the following three months he conducted a fighting withdrawal against the British 2nd Army, being awarded the Swords to his Knights Cross. Despite ruling the troops under his command with an iron hand, and threatening to execute deserters, Blaskowitz allowed Allied airdrops of food and medicine to the Dutch civilian population. This command was redesignated in early April 1945 and Blaskowitz became commander-in-chief of the Netherlands.
On May 5, Blaskowitz was summoned to the Hotel de Wereld ("Hotel of the World") in Wageningen by General Charles Foulkes (commander of I Canadian Corps) to discuss the surrender of the German forces in the Netherlands. Prince Bernhard, acting as commander-in-chief of the Dutch Interior Forces, attended the meeting as well. Blaskowitz agreed with all proposals by Foulkes. However, nowhere in the building - some sources claim nowhere in the whole town - could a typewriter be found. Thus, the surrender document could not be typed. The next day, both parties returned and, in the presence of both General Foulkes and Prince Bernhard, Blaskowitz signed the surrender document which, in the meantime, had been typed.[1]
Blaskowitz was charged with war crimes during the Nuremberg Trials in the High Command Trial (Case No. XII), but died on February 5, 1948 by committing suicide. After breaking away from his guards he threw himself off a balcony into the inner courtyard of the court building.
| Date | Original German Wehrmachtbericht wording | Direct English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Wednesday, 27 September 1939 | Der Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres hat den General Blaskowitz beauftragt, die Übergabeverhandlungen zu führen.[7] | The Commander-in-Chief of the Army has instructed general Blaskowitz to lead capitulation negotiations. |
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by none |
Supreme commander of German armies in the Protectorate 15 March 1939 – 18 March 1939 |
Succeeded by Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by none |
Commander of 8. Armee 1 September 1939 – 20 October 1939 |
Succeeded by General der Infanterie Otto Wöhler |
| Preceded by none |
Commander of 9. Armee 15 May 1940 – 29 May 1940 |
Succeeded by General der Infanterie Adolf Strauß |
| Preceded by General Erwin von Witzleben |
Commander of 1. Armee 24 October 1940 – 2 May 1944 |
Succeeded by General Joachim Lemelsen |
| Preceded by none |
Commander of Heeresgruppe G 8 May 1944 – 20 September 1944 |
Succeeded by General Hermann Balck |
| Preceded by General Hermann Balck |
Commander of Heeresgruppe G 24 December 1944 – 29 January 1945 |
Succeeded by General Paul Hausser |
| Preceded by Generaloberst Kurt Student |
Commander of Heeresgruppe H 30 January 1945 – 15 April 1945 |
Succeeded by General Feldmarschall Ernst Busch |
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